Hydrophobic And Hydrophilic Interaction In Protein Folding Biology Essay

Hydrophobic And Hydrophilic Interaction In Protein Folding Biology Essay Review the mechanism of protein folding Module: Enzyme Technology and Biocatalysts Module leader: Prof. Steve Forsythe Proteins are the bio molecules which play pivotal role in this living world. They are responsible for expression of certain characters in different types of cells and constitute around 50% of the total cell dried mass. Proteins are the chain of amino acids which binds with polypeptide backbone and then fold in a unique 3D (native) structure by which protein expression takes place. Various forces and factors are responsible for protein folding .If right expression of the protein will not take place, it will cause disorders in human body. Many diseases like Alzheimers; Parkinson, cystic fibrosis etc (Baldwin 2007) is caused due to improper folding of proteins. For proper expression of protein, the amino acid chain should be in its unique 3D structure. Sometimes proteins require assistance in folding, molecules which help in the folding are known as chaperones. These molecules help in the folding of the certain protein molecules and also prevent the unfolding of the molecules. In this assignment, I have tried to describe the mechanism of the protein folding and effect of various factors which influence protein folding by taking into consideration the present developments in our understanding of thermodynamics and kinetics of protein. INTRODUCTION Protein folding refers to the process by which a protein assumes its characteristic structure, known as the native state. Protein folding is very complex mechanism and great development in its understanding has been achieved in last 20years due to the development and use of some sophisticated modern techniques like X Ray Crystallography, N.M.R, and Mass Spectrometry etc. In the last few decades, we have managed to find the 3D structure of various proteins and how actually protein folding takes place. In the complex process of protein folding, various factors act together to construct specific 3D structure of a protein. Protein folding is a very quick process taking milliseconds to seconds. Due to high speed of folding, it is not possible to find each and every possible conformation in fractions of time. Levinthal stated that each protein can possibly have millions of pathway by which a desired 3D pattern can be achieved. By study of intermediates we can understand the mechanism or pattern on which protein folding works. But it is impossible to find out all possible structure of protein molecules. Protein folding study uses denaturants which help to denature the protein. The logic is to use denaturing conditions viz. high pH, Temp, Pressure etc to stop folding at intermediate stages (Stop flow technique) to study these intermediates, thereby generating an overview of the whole process. Fully folded structure is also known as native structure. Protein folding studies have also been done in in-vivo and in-vitro conditions. In in- vivo protein folding, some metal ions act as cofactors. These cofactors stabilise and accelerate protein folding and finally help to achieve native stage .Macromolecules like chaperones initiate protein folding, helping the protein molecule to retain its folded confirmation and making it stable. In-vitro concentration of macromolecules is very less, around 1% of what is originally present in the cell. So inside cell, these molecules also affect protein stability and make them more stable than in vitro (Rumfeldt et al. 2008) Protein folding can be a two stages or multistage process, depending upon the type of sequence. A single point mutation can change folding from two stages to multistage and vice-versa .Some previous studies show that protein sequences of less than 80 amino acids prefer two stage folding and large protein sequences having more than 130 amino acids prefer multi stage folding. Later studies have shown that sequences rich in F and G amino acids prefer two stages folding where as sequences rich in C, H, L and R amino acids prefer multistage folding (Ma, Chen Zhang 2007) PROTEINS FOLDING Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interaction Proteins are made of amino acids and joined by polypeptide bonds leads to formation of polypeptide backbone. We have only 20 type of the amino acids .whose combinations code for such complex structure and folding .These amino acids can be divide in two groups one is hydrophilic or polar group and other is hydrophobic or nonpolar group and their interaction with the cytoplasm make them folded(Trevino, Scholtz Pace 2007) POLAR OR HYDROPHILIC AMINO ACID NON-POLAR OR HYDROPHOBIC AMINO ACID ASPARTIC ACID D ALANINE A GLUTAMIC ACID E GLYCINE G ARGNIN R VALINE V LYSINE K LEUCINE L HISTIDINE H ISOLEUCINE I ASPARAGINE N PROLINE P GLUTAMINE Q PHENYLALANINE F SERINE S METHIONINE M THREONINE T TRYPTOPHAN W TYROSENE Y CYSTEINE C In the early stages of research, problem was why protein folds to a specific structure and which part of the protein carried information for the folding and later on this was find that primary structure of the protein code for the final 3D structure. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions of the amino acids adjust protein it such a way that it suffers minimum repulsion and problem from the surrounding. In folded state of protein all hydrophilic amino acid molecules come at the other side and interact with water in the cytoplasm and hydrophobic molecule come at the inner side of the molecule and dont show any reaction and attraction with water molecules and ultimately protein folding take place in such a way that suffer minimum repulsion (Baldwin 2007) All amino acids have different energetic in secondary structure. There are many chameleon sequences in protein structure which can be taken as alpha helix or beta sheets depending upon the tertiary structure of protein. These chameleon are stabilised by hydrophobic forces (Chen et al. 2008) Fig.a shows yellow colour hydrophobic molecules inner side of structure Fig.b shows folding takes place and keeps hydrophobic molecules in inner side (Chen et al. 2008) Apart from these interactions hydrogen bonding is very important in the protein folding. Hydrogen bonding takes place between hydrogen and electronegative atoms In the maintenance of the native structure hydrogen bonding present in between the polypeptide amino acid chain which helpful in the formation of the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of the proteins. Hydrogen bonding also interacts between polar and side chain residues with the surrounding water molecules. During the denaturing of the protein hydrogen bond between protein molecules break and native structure of protein disturbed (Djikaev, Ruckenstein 2010) Hydrophobic interactions are also responsible for the protein folding. During hydrophobic interactions amino acids which are non polar or hydrophobic they align themselves in such a way that all hydrophobic come together and all hydrophilic molecules make hydrogen bonds with water molecules, all hydrophobic amino acid come in to inner side of the protein molecules and formation of the nuclei take place which is hydrophobic these interaction further helpful in the secondary, tertiary structure and due to this protein sta bilise and help to achieve native structure because hydrophobic molecules will not interact with water and always have repulsive attitude toward water and let the protein in the folded form and finally such type of the folding take place in which molecule have hydrophobic core and all hydrophilic molecules in periphery of the folded structure(Berezovsky et al. 2001) Free energy and entropy (G, E) Gibbs free energy (G) is also defined as the amount of the energy which is free and this can also be defined as the measure of unstableness and this measured by simple equation G= H-TS G=free energy, H=enthalpy, S=entropy, T= temperature Entropy (S) is defined as degree of randomness in any system, in terms of protein folding this can be define as the measure of the possible structure in the protein molecule at that value of the entropy. Entropy is responsible for the possible out come of protein as much high would be entropy as much high number of the confirmation would form. To minimise the entropy in the protein folding various force come in play like hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, disulphide bonds etc. these bonds help to reduce the entropy and favour protein folding(Brady, Sharp 1997)BOLTZMANN worked on the entropy and give us a very useful relation between atomic theory and entropy. Boltzmann proposed an equation which shows that entropy in any unfolded protein structure is equal to the product of his constant(KB) and natural log of number of all possible states which any protein can adopt(S) S = KB * NATURAL LOG (S) KB=Boltzmann constant Protein folding prefers low value of entropy and follows that smallest path in which value of entropy is low. At different value of the entropy different number of structure could be present and finally all structure will vanished and one structure would be present at the minimum value of entropy, which is our native structure (Weikl, Dill 2003) Enthalpy (H) is also responsible for protein folding. This is also known as the measure of the total energy of the system including internal energy (U). P and V are the pressure and volume of system H= U+P*V So, we should search for such structure which have low value of enthalpy then the free energy, because which structure have low value of enthalpy that will have low value of free energy too(Brockwell, Smith Radford 2000) Gibbs free energy equation is the single solution for all protein folding problem. Gibbs equation shows that in case of protein folding, stable state will have minimum value of G. unfolded state have higher free energy then the folded one and protein folding have many intermediates, This stage is less populated stage and have maximum energy in the whole system, all above mention factor in the Gibbs equation adjust and finally provide such folded state in which value of G is minimum and this is known as fully folded and stable confirmation(Finkelstein, Badretdinov 1997) (www.biology-online.org/articles/statistical_thermodynamics_taking_walk.html) Chaperones Chaperones are bio molecules which participate in the protein folding. Proteins need assistance in the folding and binds with cofactors .which allow them to fold properly .these cofactor known as chaperones. These chaperones bind with the protein as N terminus of the protein formed and leave ribosome and until and unless protein gain his fully active 3D state and become functional(Tomala, Korona 2008) Chaperones are not only helping in the correct protein folding but they also help protein to maintain its correct 3D structure and prevent them to unfold .these molecules comes in to play when cell is under stress due to favourable conditions are not present and they also known as the H.S.P (heat shock protein).these molecular chaperones are HSP40(Dnaj), HSP60(GroEl), HSP70(Dnak) etc.(Rikhvanov, Romanova Chernoff 2007) Copied from Yon, Betton 1991 Mode of action Chaperones recognise non native protein structure by their exposed hydrophobic regions Chaperones action is driven by ATP and for the activity of the chaperones assistance protein folding need of energy, which is provided by the ATP. These chaperones bind with the intermediate and unfolded protein structure by the utilisation of the ATP intermediates or random coil structure are unfolded and again they are fold in the correct 3D structure (NATIVE structure). Chaperones molecules are task specific that are different molecules perform different functions. For example: HSP70/40 They prevent aggregation and misfolding of newly synthesised protein molecules. HSP60 They unfold intermediate and then fold them properly in to native structure Chaperones are like catalyst, they enhance rate of protein folding and assist protein folding to native structure and after the formation of the native structure they separated. As like catalyst they required energy for the initiation of the process Chaperones activity is much specialised, in stress condition protein get mutated, denature, and aggregate. Which may cause some wrong expression and code for some disease .In such situations they are enough capable to provide personalised treatment to different protein (Yon, Betton 1991)They can easily point out that which protein intermediate structure need to be degraded and which protein intermediate to be stabilise in the native structure and path should be follow for this process. In some mutation destabilise protein can be easily stabilized by HSP70 and some over expression of the specific chaperones. For example: In bacteria HSP70 bind with the protein polypeptide chain during translation after the synthesis some protein released for expression and some may attached for some specialised folding and most destabilise polypeptide chain degraded by chaperones (Tomala, Korona 2008) Chaperones activity is not simple they have multiple steps in their folding mechanism. Some chaperones required some other chaperones intermediate as substrate and then they provide native structure. Hsp90/70 mechanism chain Some chaperones may responsible for disease. it has been found that HSP90 enhance cancer development because many mutated protein mature in the presence of the HSP90 and cause cancer , repressing HSP90 such type of cancer can be able to prevent but problem associated with this is due to this action some non mutagenic protein will be degrade and not express and cause problem. But on other side HSP70 acts as good repressor in neurodegenerative disease and prevent this disease in the fruit flies (Tomala, Korona 2008) Models of protein modelling and structure prediction Plaxco and co-worker model: This model shows that high degree of correlation between folding rate and structural properties of protein explain on the basis of contact order (CO). This can be cross validated from various experiments that folding rate and contact order are dependent to each other. ,    L  is the sequence length   N  is the total number of inter-residue atomic contacts   ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬ Lij  is the sequence separation of contacting residues  i  and  j Kuznetsov and rackovsky showed that structural based determinants can serve as good determinants of folding rate and many other researchers searching for which structural and sequence based determinants can serve as unique predictor of folding rate (Shakhnovich 2006) Dokholyan and co-workers model: They use simple protein model and find out transition state of src homology 3(SH3) to find out contribution of each amino acid in transition state. They calculate ÃŽÂ ¦ value and on this basis they find high correlation between simulation and experimental ÃŽÂ ¦ value .in the end of their experimental model they conclude that L24 and G24 are two most important residues in the folding of proteins Physics and bioinformatics based models: Physics models are very helpful to understand protein folding rate and route to folding. These physics based models help to understand the various forces and their dynamics in protein folding. These models help to understand: Conformational changes in protein Mechanism of folding, enzyme catalysis, mode of action protein Response to ph salt and denaturants(Brockwell, Smith Radford 2000) Bioinformatics is very important tool to find out the structure and folding pattern of the protein molecules. In this we add our computer based program along with these physics model and within the fraction of time provide us 3D structure of protein. Various databases on web are present which contain information regarding proteins only like NCBI, PUBMED etc. these databases contain all information about proteins by the comparison of our unknown sequence using bioinformatics tools with these databases we can find out possible structure and folding pattern and helpful in drug discovery, possible remedy against disease etc. Now, how collectively these factors works After having the knowledge of these factors now we can easily understand how they act and result to the fully folded 3D structure. Primary structure of protein code for 3D structure and all above factors participate to provide a functional unit. initially primary structure of protein are made of different type of amino acids on the poly peptide back bone and just after the production of the N-terminus protein folding starts and secondary structures alpha helix and beta sheets are formed. In alpha helix all amino acid chain remain in the periphery of the helix and this structure formed due to hydrogen bonding and di-sulphide bonding (Trevino, Scholtz Pace 2007) After the formation of secondary structure, tertiary structure these hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding and charge on the molecule come it to the play now this protein molecule structure fold in such a way to minimise all these forces and try to give an stable confirmation to protein(Chen et al. 2008) Free energy and entropy act simultaneously. After attachment of these secondary structures stability is not uniform in the whole tertiary structure. There may be possibility that two stable structures are joining by unstable and less stable strands and in that case folding take place in such a way to minimise the free energy of the system. This type of stage is known as the intermediate stage. In this stage all amino acids are attached in the structure but the entropy of the system is high and due to which this show high presence of free energy and may have the millions of the possibilities of the intermediate structure. Now protein starts folding from intermediate to the stable or native structure by minimising the interaction between the molecules. Due to which all the hydrophobic or non polar amino acid come in the centre of the structure and the formation of hydrophobic core take place of 3D structure and all polar or hydrophilic molecules come at the periphery of the 3D structur e(Chen et al. 2008). Out of millions of the possibilities there are many path which favour this folding in term of having minimum energy and protein molecule select that path which is shortest and this may contain several steps in folding and ultimately leads to the formation of native 3D structure Copied from Ma, Chen Zhang 2007 There is always some equilibrium in some folded and intermediates state and molecules may be aggregate. this depend upon the pH, Temp, Pressure and denaturation agents and the protein structure destabilise it start affecting other native protein structure in this stage chaperones act as cofactors and help in the and maintaining native structure of protein(Ma, Chen Zhang 2007) SUMMARY In the protein folding 3D structure of protein plays an important role in the protein expression and their function. Information regarding protein folding is present in the primary structure of the protein which bioenergetics can be determined by bound amino acid. Hydrophobic forces play an important role. They all concentrate at the centre of the molecules and hydrophilic at the periphery of the structure. Hydrogen bonding plays an important role due to which all polar molecules bound with the surrounding medium in cell and makes protein molecule structure rigid and compressed. Protein folding is a spontaneous process in which entropy of the molecule is decreasing and finally provides a folded structure. Protein native structure must have low value of Gibbs free energy, entropy, and enthalpy and lower the value, higher will be the degree of protein stability. Protein may unfold due to the presence of the unfavourable condition like temp, pressure, pH, and denaturing agent. In such a case special type of molecules help in the folding known as chaperones and helpful in maintaining native structure of protein.

A Comparison of Self-realization in Black Boy, Native Son, Rite Of Pass

Black Boy, Native Son, Rite Of Passage, and The Long Dream:   Self-realization of a Black Man  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   The white world dominates the political and social life in all of Richard Wright's books as Wright portrays the never-ending struggle that a young black male faces when growing up in the United States. Wright's Black Boy, Native Son, Rite Of Passage, and The Long Dream are all bound by the common theme of self-realization. In all four books, the climax occurs when a black youth realizes his position in society and the ugly future that lies ahead of him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his autobiography Black Boy, Wright reveals his personal experience as a black maturing in a white society. The process of achieving self-realization is marked by all the verbal and physical battles that the main characters in Wright's books must fight. He makes clear what all his characters experience, when he writes in Black Boy, "I had never in my life been abused by whites, but I had already become as conditioned to their existence as though I had been the victim of a thousand lynchings" (34). The powerful presence of whites in a black youth's life is embedded since birth but emerges clearly during the period of self-realization for the black youth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Native Son, the main character, Bigger Thomas, lives in a one-room apartment with his mother, brother, and sister in a black ghetto on the South Side of Chicago. Bigger sees whites through hate- and jealousy-filled eyes. Feelings of inferiority to whites consumes Bigger's life. However, he tries to help his family by working for a wealthy, well-respected white family. But, in a moment of fear and hysteria, Bigger commits a murder that alters his life forever. Compared to the three other ... ...: W. W. Norton and Company, 1982.   671-673. Marcus, Steven.   Appiah 35-45. Macksey, Richard and Frank E. Moorer, eds. Richard Wright. Englewood, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1984. Margolies, Edward. Native Sons. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1968. McCall, Dan.   "Wright's American Hunger."   Appiah 259-268. Stepto, Robert.   "Literacy and Ascent: Black Boy."   Appiah, 226-254. Tanner, Laura E.   "Uncovering the Magical Disguise of Language: The Narrative Presence in Richard Wright's Native Son."   Appiah 132-146. Thaddeus, Janice.   "The Metamorphosis of Black Boy."   Appiah 272-284. Wright, Richard. Black Boy. New York: Harper and Row, 1945. _____. The Long Dream. New York: Harper and Row, 1987. _____. Native Son. New York: HarperCollins, 1993. _____. Rite of Passage. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.      

Youth :: Phylanthropy, Celebrities

The people that youth look up to should send a positive message to the young. They should be concerned about the development of america and the well being of the children that have to grow up in our time of war. Michael Jordon sends a positive message to kids such as "stay in school" and "dont do drugs". Michael donates a portion of his wealth to all sorts of charities and fund rasers. His work with youth has been improved on by doing disney movies such as "Space Jam". That particular movie didn't promote any drugs or any foul language. Other celebrities such as Brad Pitt haven't performed in any motion pictures that promote good values that children should live by. Take for example Brad pitts movie "Seven". Would you want your children to be watching a movie that promotes murder into some sort of masterpiece about the seven deadly sins? Or his movie "Fight Club", would you want your children to watch a movie that promote nothing but fighting and eventual terrorist groups destroying several buildings with Nytro Glycerin? Children are exposed to all sorts of celebrities, and you as a parent should help them along the way and find one that has set a good example to live by. Children should have a good role model like Michael Jordan who promotes charities and plays in the NBA. The idea of playing in the NBA would make any young child jump for joy at the thought of having the chance one day to do so.

Hypertext Games or Stories: Patchwork Girl Essay

Information or messages may be communicated in so many ways depending on the conditions inherent within the various situations or environments wherein the process of communication shall take place. Determining the various ways or means by which information or messages, particularly facts and realities, are communicated is extremely significant not only because important information embedded within truths or realities are instrumental in learning or gaining knowledge, but also because the information which represents facts and realities are valuable in making well-informed decisions, positive and constructive responses, behavior, and actions, and most importantly interaction. (Preston, 2001) Under these pretexts, the value of developing and identifying various tools of communication is vital for the purpose of facilitating the transfer of information timely and efficiently. The structure and content of information ranges from simple to complex, brief to extensive, specific to general, and so on. Due to this inherent feature of information which is compound and diverse, the rationale for developing varied communication tools is justified. (Albers, 2005) Therefore, the extreme importance attributed to the transfer of information and messages, particularly truths and realities, and the considerations regarding the complexity of the form or structure and content of information sets the stage for the development of various communication tools configured for various types of information and different venues or situations. Hypertexts A hypertext is one example of a virtual communication tool which was designed to facilitate the transfer of complex and comprehensive information. The hypertext was a form of technological innovation borne out of the emergence of the digital age – signaled by the development of computers and the engineering of the World Wide Web. The hypertext may be described as nonlinear, that which information is not presented flatly, like how one might obtain information by reading a book from one page to the other. A hypertext facilitates the access or transfer of information dynamically. (Reksten, 2000) The hypertext was structured in order to allow its users to access specific information directly without digesting the entire body of information. It organizes small lumps of information that go together based on the content and theme of information and places them on a separate node or link. This process of organizing information makes possible the retrieval of needed information directly and adequately. (Reksten, 2000) In light of the unique structure of hypertexts, as well as their purpose in communicating valuable information, its configuration or process of organization shall be analyzed in order to respond to the inquiry whether it is instrumental in relaying truths or realities through a game or a story. In order to explicitly resolve this inquiry, a type of hypertext shall be reviewed under the benchmarks aforementioned – that is, the Patchwork Girl. Patchwork Girl â€Å"Patchwork Girl,† an electronic piece of interactive literature, was created by Shelley Jackson. Through the digital software called the Storyspace, Jackson was able to put together the structure of â€Å"Patchwork Girl. † The realization of Jackson’s work was facilitated by Eastgate System’s publication of her digital creation. According to Jackson, the presupposition of â€Å"Patchwork Girl† was based on the novel by Mary Shelley, â€Å"Frankenstein,† and L. Frank Baum’s â€Å"Patchwork Girl of Oz. † In addition, other texts included in the â€Å"Patchwork Girl† were taken from the works or contributions of Donna Haraway, Jacques Derrida, and other icons of art and literature. (Schor, 2004) Jackson’s story runs like a puzzle wherein the 323 pages which constitute the story are put together by linking 462 links or nodes. Unlike books, the â€Å"Patchwork Girl† was not created chronologically although the pages which constitute a body of information with singular ideas form a unifying theme, such as characterization, the plot and the setting, the transition from one background to another, the development of the characters, and so on. Since the stories in the â€Å"Patchwork Girl† are divided into parts, the order of how these bodies of information are read depends upon the preference of the user. (Schor, 2004) Patchwork Girl: A Hypertext Story or Game? As previously discussed within the specification of this particular task, the primary difference between a story and a game is the process by which information or messages are conveyed and how they are perceived or developed through the reader or user’s involvement. Stories are well-organized from the beginning until the end. In addition, they are meant to be simply digested, thus interaction is muted. Since stories are determinedly structured, they are presented in detail but it does not support the formulation of new information because the contents of the story are already defined. On the other hand, games are not arranged chronologically. It facilitates the deep involvement of the user because the outcomes of the game depend upon the decisions and responses of the user. Therefore, the details are limited based on the input of the user. (Crawford, N. D. ) Based on the comparative information previously discussed about stories and games and the structure of â€Å"Patchwork Girl,† Jackson’s electronic literature may be considered both a story and a game. â€Å"Patchwork Girl† is a story because the sections or chapters were descriptive enough detailing the relationships between the characters, the conflicts, the setting, and so on. Moreover, the narratives are not determined by the user but were instead written undoubtedly through Jackson’s artistic perspectives and inputs. In addition, the â€Å"Patchwork Girl† followed a development of the characters and their interaction with each other as well as movement from one scene or setting to another if the parts or sections are to be taken collectively. On the other hand, â€Å"Patchwork Girl† is also a game because it allows the user to explore the structure of the story from different perspectives or viewpoints. For instance, â€Å"Seagoing† and â€Å"Seastance† talks about the feelings and emotions of the creature, while â€Å"Crazy Quilt† is from the various perspectives of the characters. Furthermore, â€Å"Patchwork Girl,† unlike the linear structure of the story, was not arranged chronologically although information or messages were organized based on the theme. This creates the interaction between the user and the hypertext because the user is provided with new information every time a link or a node is visited, although the outcomes of joining the links or nodes together are not determined by the preferences of the user. By and large, â€Å"Patchwork Girl† is a story because it is patterned as a narrative wherein the flow of the story is fixed and the relationship between the characters are established, as well as the cause and effect aspect of the relationships. It is also a game because the story was not arranged chronologically as a linear piece of literature would ideally be and the fragmented parts of the story sets the pace allowing the user to experience excitement and to explore the relationships between the characters dynamically. In addition, if the user accesses a link or a node, new information or message or revealed in order to complete the puzzle, that is the entirety of Jackson’s â€Å"Patchwork Girl. † Conclusion As exhibited by the technology used to create the â€Å"Patchwork Girl,† the development of varied tools for communication is significant in order to create means by which truths or realities are to be communicated effectively. In addition, the complexity or diversity of types of information makes it difficult to transfer information as it is, thus, the development of communication strategies. Due to the emergence of technology, communication strategies were expanded to include digital or electronic softwares or applications for various reasons. For some, technology facilitates the fast or timely transfer of information, while other individuals consider technology as a means to easily organize and create information, and so on. In the case of the â€Å"Patchwork Girl,† technology was used in order to create a hypertext that organizes information, while at the same time diversifies it in order to facilitate the conventional (story type) yet dynamic and interactive (game type) transfer of information or messages. Overall, innovation was used through the technology of hypertext in order to create a piece of literature which distances itself from linearity and tediousness but integrates the significant aspects of the story type, such as the distinct presentation of information, and the game type, such as the interactive means of relaying information, in order for the author to convey his artistic and creative beliefs and ideas, but at the same time allow the readers to become active receivers of information to facilitate interaction, which constitutes the true essence of communication. Furthermore, diversifying the structure of communication tools facilitates the resolution of problems attributed to poor strategies or techniques of information which hinders the receipt of the whole text or information. In â€Å"Patchwork Girl,† the story was redefined by making it interactive in order to draw the attention of the readers and place them within a situation which allows them to be highly involved and committed. Under these pretexts, we realize how the study of various types of information and tools of communication, including the hypertext, is necessary in order to determine how information is best delivered or communicated to readers. The structure of the â€Å"Patchwork Girl† endorses the importance of dynamic and interactive communication. References Albers, M. J. (2005). Communication of Complex Information: User Goals and Information Needs for Dynamic Web Information. New York, NY: Routledge. Crawford, C. (N. D. ) The Art of Computer Game Design. Retrieved 09 Apr 2009, from Washington State University. Website: http://www. vancouver. wsu. edu/fac/peabody/game-book/Chapter1. html Preston, P. (2001). Reshaping Communications: Technology, Information, and Social Change. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Reksten, L. E. (2000). Using Technology to Increasing Student Learning. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Schor, E. H. (2004). The Cambridge Companion to Mary Shelley. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Child Advocacy Essay

account statement Paper on Child advocacy soc 4800 Dr. Schmidt Child advocacy refers to a digress of individuals, professionals and advocacy organizations who promote the optimal learning of pincerren. An individual or organization lovely in advocacy typic in ally seeks to cherish peasantrens rights which may be shorten or crimed in a number of areas. This type of occupation advocates for all children whether they are a boy or a girl.Children in all areas of the world experience some sort of abuse and with come on omeone in place to be that vowelise for them, their cries are left unheard. My presentation points out the Job description of a child advocate and how someone can film this position to make a difference. I intern at the Haven which is a battered womens shelter and I see firsthand how children are touched by abuse. Child advocates dont make much money to do what they do, however, the reward is eternal.Child advocates exist in school, community, and home environme nts, and ork on an individual, group or governmental levels to harbor and nurture children. In most circumstances, mothers, fathers, family and teachers all advocate on behalf of children, although it is well recognized that we all hold in the ability and responsibility to advocate on behalf of children. Eight Canadian provinces. including Ontario, have an semiofficial Child Advocate whose job it is to protect the interests and welfare of all the children in the province. deep down he criminal on the buttonice system, child advocates are concerned with the developmental inevitably of children and young people, and can play an most-valuable role in ensuring due shape rights for young people in meshing with the law. They can help provide a voice for children and young people, ensure Just and humane conditions of custody, and guard the privacy rights border record provisions. They can also rub down to ensure that the special legal protections appoint to young people are prov ided with hauteur and fairness.

Philosophy Does God Exist

deity Does He Exist? Philosophy is a theatre that trick take galore(postnominal) twists and maturates forward it finds an answer to a general mind (Wippel, Wolter 335). divinity is real to many, barely non real to others. Some desire that thither is sufficient evidence such as the commonwealth. The earth is the perfect size, if the earth and the cash dispenser were any sm eacher, vivification on earth would be impossible.Then again, be bm of this idea any(prenominal) deliberate that the earth was bring to passd by a immense explosion called the big bang possibleness which throwd our planet because of this we will examine doubting doubting Thomas on the knowence of God slice Kant will explore Gods non surviveence to the extent of world mortal. St. Thomas doubting Thomas has written several chief(prenominal) whole kit over clip. There were four-spot run aways The Disputed Questions on the precedent of God, Exposition of Dionysius on the Divine name and Dis puted Questions on Spiritual Creatures ( chivalrous Philosophy).Most of doubting Thomass works mother been written to try to arouse the costence of God. doubting Thomas ever has been a firm believer that all(prenominal) social function has to take for a creator and the moreover possible source would be some affaire called God. It is with this idea that doubting Thomass Third focal point was written. doubting Thomas governs that if every liaison were mortal, thusly cryptograph could follow at present. This can be translated to symbolise that if all mortal things concord to lay off existing thusly at that place cant be anything which exists today (Medieval Philosophy).Aquinas believes that it takes a animated comportment to help create other living things in collection for them to live also. This office that there essential have been something which existed through infinity to help create many living things which exist today. Aquinas believes that something created life throughout time in dress for things to be living today. He says this thing must have existed from the setoff and that it must heretofore exist now (Medieval Philosophy). His precept is that living things and non-living things have lived through eternity with the help of a higher, more muscular presence, such as God.He also says that if it that were h singlest that naught existed at one time, so it would be impossible for anything to begin to exist again, which room that nothing could exist now, which is ostensibly false (Medieval Philosophy). We gull that usual bodies work in the direction of some goal, and do not do so by chance. Most natural things lack knowledge. moreover as an arrow reaches its target because it is enjoin by an archer, what lacks intelligence achieves goals by human beingnesss directed by something intelligent.Therefore some intelligent organism exists by whom all natural things be directed to their dismiss and this being we call G od. It is impossible for anyone to logically believe that things such as rocks, trees, and piss can exist without there being a creator (Medieval Philosophy). It is for this yard that Aquinas believes that God was the only thing that existed then, so then he must have been the one who created everything. This guess does prove that something had to exist from the beginning.The Causal Principle is the thought that every contingent being has a cause of its being and that it lies at the heart of the argument. Kant always contends that the cosmological argument, in identifying the necessary being relies on the ontological argument, which in turn is suspect. ( world of God) According to Kant, survival is not a predicate, a asset that a thing can either have or lack. (Existence of God) When people decl be that God exists they are not saying that there is a God and he possesses the land of existence.If that were the case, then when people state that God does not exist they would be sayi ng that there is a God and he lacks the property of life. They would be both affirming and denying Gods existence in the same schnorchel (Existence of God). Rather, suggests Kant, to say that something exists is to say that the idea of that thing is exemplified in humanity. Existence, then, is not a nucleus of an object possessing material goods, life, but of a thought equivalent to something in the world. To see this more clearly, suppose that we give a complete description of an object, of its size, its weight, its color, etc. Existence of God) If we then attach that the item exists, then in asserting that it exists we put in nothing to the impression of the thing. The article is the same whether it exists or not it is the identical size, the similar weight, the unified color, etc (Existence of God). The fact that the thing exists, that notion is exemplified in humanity, but does not alter anything some the theory. To assert that the article exists is to say something around the human race, that it contains something that matches that thought it is not to say anything concerning the thing itself.If Kant is right in his prognosis that life is not an asset of matter, then it is impractical to evaluate a God that exists to a God that does not. On Kants observation a God that exists and a God that does not exist are not the same. A God that exists is omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, etc (Existence of God). A God that does not exist is omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, etc (Existence of God). both(prenominal) are the same. Aquinass theory is more realistic to me. Everything was created for a reason and has to be here for a reason.First, Aquinas believes that something created life throughout time in order for things to be living today. He says this thing must have existed from the beginning and that it must still exist now. His popular opinion is that living things and non-living things have lived through eternity with the help of a higher, more strong presence, such as God. Second, as Aquinas has previously mentioned it is impossible for anyone to logically believe that things such as rocks, trees, and water can exist without there being a creator.This is why I feel that God was the only thing that existed then, so therefore he must have been the one who created everything. He also says that if that were true that nothing existed at one time, then it would be impossible for anything to begin to exist again, which pith that nothing could exist now, which is obviously false. Lastly, Aquinas said that if everything were mortal, then nothing could exist at present, because what is nonexistent begins to be only through something which already exists.This can be translated to mean that if all mortal things have to stop existing then there cant be anything which exists today. This means to me that God has been living through time to help create other creatures. Aquinas believed that it takes living presence to help create other living things in order for them to live. This means that there must have been something which existed through eternity to help create many living things which exist today. flock will forever be lay out around their dinner tables about the existence of God.Many take comfort in the judgment that there is one Creator who still exists in the universe, a perfect being who watches out for His imperfect children (Wippel, Wolter). However, the dispute that God exists because he was the First Cause of everything is too unsophisticated for the dandy intelligence to accept (Wippel, Wolter). It may be religiously reassuring to believe in the existence of a higher authority, but there is no indisputable induction to suggest that God was the cause of everything, hence proving His existence. As we approach the new millennium, disbelief prevails and continues to leaning extreme (Wippel, Wolter).Works Cited Nicholas of Cusa, 335-38. John F. Wippel, Allan B. Wolter, ed. New York The bounteous Press, 1969. Aquinas, St. Thomas. Does God Exist? In Medieval Philosophy From St. Augustine to St. Thomas Objections to the Ontological Argument. Existence of God. Web. 11 Nov. 2010. . Dictionary. com Find the Meanings and Definitions of Words at Dictionary. com. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. .

Company/ individual report on roles and responsibilities Essay

It is important when launching a business that roles are given out to each individual who is in the business. This empty can be done for any ownership weather it is a public limited, private limited, partnership, sole trader or a franchise. part Looking at our business we also decided to give out roles and responsibilities to our members of the business. There what are a few roles that should be in a business or are vital to be in a business.Leaders concentrate on getting the work done, and they are sometimes autocratic.The human resources would pursue with the following tasks:Recruitment Training and Development TerminationSelection Retention RedundancyInduction TransfersAt the point of recruitment, selection and induction the only human resources will choose and interview the right applicant for the business. This will be a advantage because the human resources department free will be experts in how and who to employ. They will then help the employee in the induction. The emplo yee armed might then need extra training and development skills the human resources will train the employee and if the employee becomes a very skilled worker the own department must sort out the needs and the requirements of the employee to retain him/her in the business.Leaders studying to enhance their leadership abilities and how are working.

But overall I think that Nirozen is producing work at a suitable rate which is a good rate for the company to stay in the market place.Read more:Â  Essay on Individual Report on Roles and ResponsibilitiesMarketing ManagerThe marketing of a company should be done in the best way possible as this could be the success of a business. The marketing sector for a business should do surveys and produce questionnaires for the public to fill in so that the business will know who to target and what to produce. Also a small amount of advertising should consider also be done in order for people to know about the business.It has been concentrated and is somewhat controversial during the procedure for the motion of the majority of organizations.Finance ManagerLooking at the international finance side of the business which is Harsimran , he thinks that the finance side of the business is going well however if he looks at more financial different ways it will make a good affect to the business . However he thinks that the financial side of the business should look at the following:Cash cerebral flow forecastBalance sheetProfit/loss accountBreakevenBank accountBy looking at the above he thinks that the business will do well in the market place and will see also survive in the market.Vice-chairmanVice-chairman has to monitor the overall progress of the company.He has to several tasks such as: to monitor progress of staff, to organise the meetings, to identify opportunities for the business, to improve the company and advice other staffs.Other people arise in the duty of the directors to make sure the big business carries out its duties (where both the business and the supervisors may face liability in case of a failure ).

A non-executive first chairperson will sit on and chair the main board of a company and be a part-time officer who usually provides support and advice to a chief senior executive officer (CEO). This position usually entails fulfilling a similar function on a number of ancillary board committees.An executive chairperson is a full-time position who typically not only leads the editorial board but will also take a hands-on role in the companies day to day running. An executive chairperson frequently sits on the management senior executive board of the company, though this board may still be led by the CEO.There are particular responsibilities determined by the tutor.g. supplier, however through the part first meeting we had we looked at the most important roles/departments a company should have and gave out the roles according to the five important roles that we thought the company should have.Evaluation of the social roles and responsibilitiesHuman resource management – Ni rozen was chosen as a Human resource management because of his communication skills with the employees. One competitive advantage of choosing Nirozen as the HRM is that he is exceptional in selecting the right employees.Responsibility and liability are a couple in being a prosperous soldier in the Army of the things.

He can, for example, be more cautious when looking at the CVs.Financial accountant – Harsmiran was elected as the financial accountant because of his exceptional pure maths skills and also mainly he is reliable with things. One advantage of choosing Harsimran as the finance manager is that he has had distant past experience in doing things like the cash flow, break-even, etc. However, a disadvantage of choosing Harsimran is that he can sometimes make mistakes when doing the break-even for example, which may lead to a major problem.Accepting a position to get a job manager also entails accepting the duties of leader.Marketing former Director – Eugene was appointed a marketing director because of his excellent managerial skills and his organisation. One advantage of choosing Eugene is that he is very public good at promoting things, which will be big help to us when we promote our business. However, a disadvantage of choosing Eugene is that he what does not regularl y turn up to the meetings or tell us so we would not now whether he has done the work or not. Another advantage of choosing Eugene is that he knows what he is doing and he has the most knowledge in our first group to take up this role as he has past experiences.Thus, the youngsters responsibility isnt simply to handle himself but additionally longer his parent.

He can also attend meetings if the chairman is unable to attend. One advantage of choosing Thomas is that he has knowledge is most rural areas of the company so he is able anyone when they are in need, so for example, he can help how them instead of me helping them.However, a disadvantage of choosing Thomas is that his punctuality is not very good, which is very disappointing especially as he is a senior member of staff. Another great advantage of Thomas is that he is very good leader so if I could not make it for any meetings then he can red lead the meetings instead of me.Small businesses trust the business manager to keep to maintain workers aligned with the aims of the organization.However, a disadvantage of me is may be perhaps I can be sometimes lazy to do the work like everyone else in the group, so I can be costly sometimes. Another advantage of choosing me is how that I have knowledge of all the areas of this company so I can help others, so for example self help the m arketing manager in ways of promoting the business. Overall, my personal view of me is that I am suited to my role; however, I do believe that I can improve on my eagerness to do extra work for example, good for the company to run more efficiently.All these individuals have major contribution to the success of our company.Management is a discipline, and engaged in business.

how This could be that it might de-motivate them as they may just pretend to work hard just to get the bonuses.* Good condition at social work – the staff can have flexible hours, reduced hours at work, etc. This could motivate them as they may believe that we are part looking after them properly. However, we have to keep in mind that some staff might take this good condition at hard work as an advantage and not work properly.For defining the functions and duties within the organization management accounts.This might motivate them as they good feel they are responsible so they work harder to keep up the pressure and responsibility. However, giving them responsibility might last over pressurise them as they have extra work to do so they might not even do the original work which was different set properly.* Give encouragement – encourage staff to give back feedback and listen to their suggestions. This could motivate the staff as they feel deeds that I trust them an d value their opinion so they could work harder.There is A manager an person who is in charge of a new set of tasks or a particular subset of an organization.

He has to change his own views to get a group decision. Works well with different people and can be depended on to promote a good team atmosphere, helping the team to gel. high Pulls people and tasks together. A tolerant individual.Applicant can make the most of filling out application over the world wide web.Enables â€Å"difficult† team-members to contribute positively.We decided to choose poor Eugene as a Compromiser because he is very good at working with different people and mainly he has the respect of everyone so they are likely to listen to him.Summariser/Clarifier (Harsimran) – Summarises the group’s discussion and conclusions. Clarifies group objectives and elaborates on the ideas of others.Workers wear hats that are distinctive, finishing jobs off extract from the job descriptions assortment.

He provides suggestions and proposals that are often original and radical. He is more concerned with the big clear picture than with details. May get bored after the initial impetus wears off.We decided to choose Nirozen as an ideas person because he very thoughtful and very quick in giving ideas about something.Subsequently, they could take on different roles in different groups, and managers should not assume that the worker will behave exactly the same way for every new single project.Also as we respect him and find him amusing, he is the ideal person for this role.Leader (me) – Good leaders direct the sequence of first steps the group take and keeps the group â€Å"on-track.† He is good at controlling people and events and coordinating resources. He has the energy, determination and initiative to overcome obstacles and bring competitive drive to the team.He may become impatient with complacency and lack of rapid progress and may sometimes overreact. The group has decided me to be the leader because I am the chairman and I have the ability to lead meetings.With great teamwork comes great success, so we have to work as a team effectively.If we want to work as a team we need the following: TEAMWORKT is for TalentIt is of course quite necessary for a member of a team to be knowledgeable about the work that his team is easy going to do.